Table 1 Univariate relationships between clinical risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis and CIMT in juvenile systemic lupus study participants
| Variable (n) |
Subclinical Atherosclerosis n (%) or mean [SD] | P value* |
CIMT – mm mean [SD] | P value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Opposite Dichotomic Control | ||||
| Female (22) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | 0.68 | 0.42 [0.04] | 0.46 [0.05] | 0.08 |
| Caucasian (11) | 5 (45.4) | 6 (54.5) | 0.41 | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.44 [0.04] | 0.69 |
| Age | 13 [3.3] | 14.4 [2.8] | 0.29 | |||
| Disease duration in months | 39 [34.2] | 25.7 [20.4] | 0.34 | |||
| Clinical features | ||||||
| Nephritis (25) | 8 (32) | 17 (68) | 1 | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.42 [0.02] | 0.74 |
| Class IV and/or V (16) | 7 (43.7) | 9 (56.2) | 0.12 | 0.44 [0.04] | 0.41 [0.02] | 0.052 |
| Neuropsychiatric symptoms (8) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 1 | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.43 [0.04] | 1 |
| SLEDAI-2 k > 5 (17) | 9 (52.9) | 8 (47) | 0.04 | 0.44 [0.05] | 0.41 [0.02] | 0.04 |
| SLEDAI-2 k | 10.9 [5,7] | 6.4 [5.6] | 0.05 | |||
| SLICC/ACR DI > 0 (7) | 2 (28) | 5 (71) | 1 | 0.43 [0.03] | 0.43 [0.05] | 0.83 |
| Uncontrolled hypertension | 3 (75) | 1(25) | 0.08 | 0.46 [0.02] | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.04 |
| Menarche (15) | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) | 0.34 | 0.42 [0.03] | 0.43 [0.05] | 0.68 |
| Tanner stage ≥2 (27) | 8 (29.6) | 19 (70.3) | 0.32 | 0,43 [0,04] | 0,43 | |
| Short stature (5) | 2 (40) | 3 (60) | 1 | 0.46 [0.03] | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.04 |
| Cumulative dose prednisone | ||||||
| < 0.15 mg/kg/day (2) | 0 | 2 (100) | 1 | 0.39 [0.02) | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.12 |
| 0.15–0.40 mg/kg/day (14) | 5 (35.7) | 9 (64.3) | 1 | 0.44 [0.04] | 0.42 [0.04] | 0.38 |
| > 0.40 mg/kg/day (10) | 3 (30) | 7 (70) | 1 | 0.42 [0.03] | 0.44 [0.05] | 0.74 |
| Actual prednisone dose (mg/ day) | 0.4 [0.3] | 0.5 [1] | 0.64 | |||
| Cumulative dose prednisone | 22.6 [18.1] | 16.8 [14.8] | 0.46 | |||
| Cyclosphosphamide (15) | 5 (33) | 10 (67) | 1 | 0.44 [0.04] | 0.42 [0.04] | 0.14 |
| Azathioprine (9) | 3 (33) | 6 (67) | 1 | 0.43 [0.03] | 0.43 [0.05] | 0.85 |
| Mycophenolate (8) | 2 (25) | 6 (75) | 1 | 0.44 [0,05] | 0.43 [0,04] | 0.44 |
| Oral contraceptive use | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 1 | 0.44 [0.04] | 0.42 [0.04] | 0.42 |
| Nutritional assessment | ||||||
| Excess abdominal fat (WC) (13) | 2 (15.4) | 11 (84.6) | 0.11 | 0.42 [0.04] | 0.44 [0.04] | 0.22 |
| Overweight (BMI) (5) | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | 1 | 0.43 [0.07] | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.46 |
| Obesity (BMI) (4) | 0 | 4 (100) | 0.27 | 0.43 [0.02] | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.74 |
| Bioimpedance | ||||||
| Excess body fat (7) | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0.33 | 0.42 [0.02] | 0.43 [0.04] | 0.65 |
| Health eating index | ||||||
| Poor diet – HEI < 65 (22) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | 0.63 | 0.43 [0.03] | 0.44 [0.06] | 0.89 |
| Diet in need to adequate (6) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 0.62 | 0.44 [0.06] | 0.43 [0.03] | 0.89 |